How Personal, Organizational, and Cultural Values Affect Decision Making :: Gandhian Movement Socialization Society Essays

How Personal, Organizational, and Cultural Values Affect Decision MakingSelf-limiting Conflict The Gandhian StyleI have mentioned two basic categories of infringe standard scholarship. In the preceding section we concerned ourselves with the first, specialists engaged in third- classy intervention research and experimentation-intermediaries, negotiation, conciliation, communication control and modification. The second involves the study of ways of waging scrap that lead both to forbear it in spite of appearance bounds and to limit its intensity or at least the possibility of violence-nonviolent social movements, nonviolent resistance on the part of individuals and groups, nonviolent alternative national defense strategies. Let us look at participation processes that are self-regulating in nature, i.e., that have built-in devices to keep the conflict within acceptable bounds and to inhibit violent extremism and unbridled escalation.Socialization is an important determinant of t he style and effectiveness of conflict regulation in any society. If Tolley (1973) is correct in placing the formative period for attitudinal and behavioral patterns concerning peace/war issues and conflict regulation styles at ages 4-12, then learning creative approaches to conflict regulation through family, school, mass media, and other primary learning environments is essential. There are a few sources dealing with this problem (Nesbitt, 1973 Abrams and Schmidt, 1972).There are societies and groups within societies that socialize their members in effective conflict regulation. Bourdieu (1962) describes Berber Kabyles of North Africa as a society held together by a process of balanced and strictly controlled conflictSelf-Limiting Conflict in which members are socialized to avoid violence Elise Boulding (1974) observes that there are genuine types of family environments and child-rearing practices that tend to produce persons with nonviolent proclivities and creative response pat terns to conflict. in the end the socialization process, political socialization in particular, is probably the most important conflict regulation device. We should soon learn some interesting things about the disturb of a decade of involvement in an unpopular war on the attitudinal and behavioral patterns of Americas youth.Etzionis self-encapsulation concept is very useful here. It is a process in which certain conflicts are increasingly limited by their own nature and by the nature of the host system, so that the range of expression of the conflict is curbed. Certain modes of conflict and weapons are excluded by mutual, sometimes tacit, consent, and the conflict becomes ritualized-the game is played by the rules, so to speak. Dahrendorfs analysis of the institutionalization of labor/management conflict over the past half century is an excellent illustration of self encapsulation.

Henry Thoreau’s Influence on Martin Luther King Jr. Essay -- Essays Pa

henry Thoreaus Influence on Martin Luther powerfulness youngerHenry David Thoreau was a heavy(p) American writer, philosopher, and naturalist of the 1800s whos writings have influenced many famous leaders in the 20th century, as well as in his own lifetime. Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts in 1817, where he was later educated at Harvard University. Thoreau was a transcendentalist writer, which means that he believed that intuition and the individual conscience transcend experience and are better guides to truth than are the senses and logical reason (Prentice Hall 1174). Thoreau is well known for writing Walden Pond, Excursions, The Maine Woods, Cape Cod, and A Yankee in Canada. In 1849 Henry David Thoreau wrote an essay called Civil Disobedience which little did he know would influence great leaders much(prenominal) as Mohandas Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, and US civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1929. He graduated college with honors and developed a talent for public speaking. A man by the name of Edgar D. Nixon saw Kings public-speaking gifts as great assets in the battle for black civil rights in Montgomery, where the bus system was about to be boycotted on account of Rosa Parks incarceration. King slowly became a well-known civil rights leader that gave many speeches and non-violent protests. This is about the time that King studied the writings of Henry David Thoreau, especially Civil Disobedience. Throughout the history of the United States, there have been many times when citizens have felt the postulate to revolt against the government. Times of revolt where when Henry Thoreau was alive and during the civil rights movement of the 1950s. The reasons for ... ...st laws performed by the government. King actually adopted Thoreaus teachings and ideas of direct action and utilize them in leading the movement to end racial segregation in the United States.Henry David Thoreau was a brilliant transcendentalist writer, who not only influenced people of his time, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, but many great leaders in the past century. Civil Disobedience paved away for non-violent protests that were more effective in ever-changing unjust laws. Martin Luther King Jr. followed many of Thoreaus teachings and which made segregation no longer a problem in America. Two other great leaders that Thoreau influenced were Mohandas Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela. Thoreau inspired reforms and the overturning of unjust laws and customs. If it werent for Henry David Thoreau and Civil Disobedience, many unjust laws might have been still in effect today.

The Driving Age :: essays research papers

M all teens atomic number 18 interested in being able to drive at a young age, but it is still indecipherable if they are able to handle it. If the legal driving age is lowered, are we endangering the lives of teen drivers, as well as the passengers with them? I believe most muckle want to drive as soon as they can. However, recently the government has been trying to pass laws that may change the current driving age of 16. on that point are positive and negative aspects to changing the laws that allow the driving age to stay at 16.There have been new bills being proposed that mite be passed. The parson for Urban Services has introduced a Bill (proposed law) into the Assembly. He wants to amend the Road Transport (Driver Licensing) Act 2000. The new Bill is called the Driving Age Amendment Bill. This Bill is intend to urge forward the age at which people can apply for a learners permit and drivers license. (Legislative Assembly). This bill will raise the driving age if it is p assed but the aspects of what will happen should be considered before we change it. There are many different reasons why we should keep it at 16. First off its a good working system that we have followed for a long time. Another good reason that helps this concept is that the teenagers are still in school so its easier for them to take drivers training. If there are more drivers that ultimately mean that more people will be paying for insurance. There are also the reasons why we should change it from 16. Like for instances most 16 year olds arent responsible enough to drive. The facts show that younger drivers (those between ages 16 and 25) receive more citations, are more likely to have their driving privilege suspended, and are responsible for more accidents than drivers in any other age group. (Dr. Steven Evans). Another reason is that its a high cost own a car when they are making so minuscule money.If we were to raise the driving age it would most likely be changed to 18. The best reasons for raising it to 18 would probably be that they are more responsible. Children are not equipped to handle these vehicles, which are hard for even an experienced, adult driver to handle. (Ron Shaffer) They have More money because of there jobs and if you go away from home you essential a license.

Why Do Fireflies Glow? Essay -- essays research papers

Why do Fireflies Glow?     Fireflies have evolved the ability to send from their abdomen as a means of communication with each other. The most most-valuable reason for the flashing is for sexual communication. Flash signals have been classified into two systems. One is where a continuously glowing female attracts a non-glowing male. The second is when a female, flashes a species-specific response to a flying male, who is broadcasting a pulsating signal. There are other functions of flashing as well, such as using their glowing for lighting up the ground during landing and walking. Fireflies also flash when captured or confined, which is thought to intimidate predators. Males can sometimes bend his light organ forth and put it in the face of the female hes mounted, flash it, blinding her since her eyes are sensitive and adapted to darkness. She will then be unable to set rival males clearly, hindering her from communicating with other potential mates. (Lloyd, 1984a).     A particular genus of firefly, Photuris, has evolved quite an interesting behavior. It has learned to mimic the mating flashes of another genus, Photinus. They have " yeasty" the species-specific signal codes of their prey, using their own sexual signals against them (Lloyd, 1990). When Photinus males attempt to mate with Photuris, she eats them. This phenomenon is called either aggressive mimicry or predatory responding (Copeland, 1991). T...

Symbols and Symbolism in Sir Gawain and Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawa

Symbolism in Sir Gawain and the Green horse cavalry Symbolism is a literary technique used in Sir Gawain and the Green ennoble to liven up the story and give a deeper significance to the plot. Almost anything in the poem can be interpreted as a image in one way or another. The Green Knight, the green sash, and Sir Gawains shield are three of the most prominent symbols presented to us in this authors tale. The Green Knight, this poems antagonist, serves as a symbol himself. He is not only portrayed as evil, but a mixture of the familiar and foreign, nature and synthetic, and divine and damned origin. His tumid stature can be interpreted as threatening or powerful. His green glow could be nature-associated or alien-associated. The first time he appears in the poem, he is even carrying a holly-branch (signifying peace) in one hand and a battle axe (signifying conflict) in the other. Its hard to say exactly for what the Green Knight stands, because f...

Symbols and Symbolism in Sir Gawain and Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawa

Symbolism in Sir Gawain and the thousand Knight Symbolism is a literary technique used in Sir Gawain and the unripened Knight to liven up the story and give a deeper significance to the plot. Almost anything in the poem can be interpreted as a symbol in one way or another. The blue jet Knight, the green sash, and Sir Gawains shield are three of the most prominent symbols presented to us in this authors tale. The Green Knight, this poems antagonist, serves as a symbol himself. He is not only portrayed as evil, but a mixture of the familiar and foreign, nature and synthetic, and divine and goddamned origin. His large stature can be interpreted as threatening or powerful. His green glow could be nature-associated or alien-associated. The first time he appears in the poem, he is even carrying a holly-branch (signifying peace) in one hand and a battle axe (signifying conflict) in the other. Its hard to say exactly for what the Green Knight stands, because f...

Management Information System Questions

- MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Question 1(10 Marks) Discuss five (5) scraps of way Information constitution (MIS). Answers Introduction A Management Information System (MIS) provides selective information which is removeed to manage organizations effectively. Management information forms involve three first-string resources such(prenominal)(prenominal) as volume, technology and information or finding making. Management information outlines argon distinct from early(a) information constitutions in that they argon apply to analyze operation activities in the organization.Academically, the term is commonly functiond to refer to the group of information direction modes tied to the automation hurt of human decision making, e. g. decision support administrations, expert ashess and executive information arrangements. The Challenge of Management Information System (MIS) Although information technology is advancing at a rank pace, there is nothing easy or mechanical abo ut building and exploitation information systems. There argon five major challenges confronting managers 1. The information systems enthronement challengeIt is obvious that one of the greatest challenges facing managers today is ensuring that their companies do indeed obtain meaningful returns on the money they spend on information systems. Its one thing to use information technology to design, produce, deliver, and maintain crude harvest-homes. Its another thing to make money doing it. How tidy sum organizations obtain a sizable payoff from their investment in information systems? How puke management ensure that information systems contribute to corporate value?Senior management underside be expected to ask these questions How can we evaluate our information systems investments as we do other investments? Are we receiving the return on investment from our systems that we should? Do our competitors situate more? Far too many firms still cannot answer these questions. Their executives be likely to wipe out trouble determining how much they truely spend on technology or how to measure the returns on their technology investments. Most companies lack a clear-cut decision-making crop for eciding which technology investments to pursue and for managing those investments. 2. The strategic challenge What complementary assets ar infallible to use information technology effectively? Despite heavy information technology investments, many organizations are not realizing significant line of work value from their systems, because they lackor fail to appreciatethe complementary assets required to make their technology assets work. The power of computer hardware and software system has gr make much more rapidly than the ability of organizations to apply and use this technology.To benefit fully from information technology, realize genuine productivity, and become competitive and effective, many organizations actually need to be redesigned. They entrust hurt to make fundamental changes in meshee and management behavior, develop new work models, retire obsolete work rules, and eliminate the inefficiencies of change commerce processes and organizational structures. New technology alone impart not produce meaningful business benefits. 3. The world-wideization challengeHow can firms understand the requirements of a global economic environment? The rapid growth in international trade and the emergence of a global economy call for information systems that can support both producing and selling goods in many different countries. In the past, each regional office of a multinational corporation focused on resolving its own unique information problems. Given language, cultural, and political differences among countries, this focus frequently resulted in chaos and the failure of central management defends.To develop integrated, multinational, information systems, businesses moldiness(prenominal) develop global hardware, software, and commu nications standards create cross-cultural accounting and reporting structures and design transnational business processes. 4. The information technology infrastructure challenge How can organizations develop an information technology infrastructure that can support their goals when business conditions and technologies are changing so rapidly? Many companies are saddled with expensive and unwieldy information technology platforms that cannot adapt to innovation and change.Their information systems are so complex and brittle that they act as constraints on business schema and execution. Meeting new business and technology challenges whitethorn require redesigning the organization and building a new information technology (IT) infrastructure. Creating the IT infrastructure for a digital firm is an e specially formidable task. Most companies are crippled by fragmented and incompatible computer hardware, software, telecommunications mesh topologys, and information systems that prevent information from flowing freely between different parts of the organization.Although Internet standards are solving s constantlyal(prenominal) of these connectivity problems, creating selective information and computing platforms that span the enterpriseand, increasingly, link the enterprise to external business partnersis rarely as seam little as promised. Many organizations are still struggling to integrate their islands of information and technology. 5. Ethics and security challenge The responsibility and control challenge How can organizations ensure that their information systems are used in an ethically and socially responsible manner?How can we design information systems that people can control and understand? Although information systems have provided enormous benefits and efficiencies, they have similarly created new ethical and social problems and challenges. A major management challenge is to make informed decisions that are affectionate to the negative consequences o f information systems as well to the positive ones. Managers face an ongoing struggle to maintain security and control. Today, the terror of unauthorized penetration or disruption of information systems has never been greater.Information systems are so essential to business, government, and passing(a) manner that organizations must take special travel to ensure their security, accuracy, and reliability. A firm invites disaster if it uses systems that can be disrupted or accessed by outsiders, that do not work as intended, or that do not deliver information in a form that people can correctly use. Information systems must be designed so that they are secure, function as intended, and so that humans can control the process. QUESTION 2 (10 Marks)Explain with example (s) one (1) of the following Enterprise Applications a) ERP b) SCM c) CRM Answers a) ERP Introduction In 1990, Gartner radical first employed the acronym ERP as an extension of material requirements planning (MRP), late r manufacturing resource planning and computer-integrated manufacturing. Without supplanting these terms, ERP came to represent a biggishr whole, reflecting the evolution of lotion integration beyond manufacturing. Not all ERP packages were developed from a manufacturing core.Vendors variously began with accounting, guardianship and human resources. By the mid-1990s, ERP systems addressed all core functions of an enterprise. Beyond corporations, governments and non-profit organizations also began to employ ERP systems. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems integrate internal and external management information across an entire organization, cover finance or accounting, manufacturing, sales and service, customer relationship management, etc. ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application.Their purpose is to facilitate wherefore flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organ ization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. ERP systems can run on a variety of computer hardware and ne devilrk varietys, typically employing a selective informationbase as a repository for information. Characteristics ERP systems typically include the following characteristics- * An integrated systems that operates in real m (or side by side(p) to real succession), without relying on periodic updates. * A common database, which supports all applications. * A consistent look and feel doneout each module. Installation of the system without elaborate application/data integration by the Information technology (IT) department. Examples * Finance/ Accounting General ledger, payables, cash management, fixed assets, receivables, budgeting and consolidation. * Human Resources payroll, training, benefits, 401K, recruiting and diversity management. * Manufacturing Engineering, bill of materials, work orders, scheduling, capacity, workflow management, tincture control , address management, manufacturing process, manufacturing projects, manufacturing flow, activity base following, product lifecycle management. Supply chain management Order to cash, inventory, order entry, purchasing, product configurator, supply chain planning, supplier scheduling, inspection of goods, conduct processing, commissions. * Project management Costing, billing, time and expense, performance units, activity management. * Customer relationship management Sales and marketing, commissions, service, customer contact, call center support. * Data services motley selfservice interfaces for customers, suppliers and/or employees. * Access control Management of user privileges for various processes. Components- * Transactional database Management portal/dashboard * Business intelligence system * Customizable reporting * External access via technology such as web services * Search * Document management * Messaging/chat/wiki * Workflow management Connectivity to define F loor Information ERP systems connect to realtime data and transaction data in a variety of ways. These systems are typically configured by systems integrators, who bring unique knowledge on process, equipment, and vendor solutions. Direct integrationERP systems have connectivity (communications to plant floor equipment) as part of their product straiting.This requires the vendors to offer special(prenominal) support for the plant floor equipment that their customers operate. ERP vendors must be expert in their own products, and connectivity to other vendor products, including competitors. Database integrationERP systems connect to plant floor data sources through staging tables in a database. Plant floor systems deposit the infallible information into the database. The ERP system reads the information in the table. The benefit of staging is that ERP vendors do not need to master the complexities of equipment integration. Connectivity becomes the responsibility of the systems inte grator.Enterprise appliance transaction modules (EATM)These devices communicate directly with plant floor equipment and with the ERP system via methods supported by the ERP system. EATM can employ a staging table, Web Services, or systemspecific program interfaces (APIs). The benefit of an EATM is that it offers an offtheshelf solution. Customintegration solutionsMany system integrators offer custom solutions. These systems tend to have the highest level of initial integration cost, and can have a higher long term alimony and reliability costs. longsighted term costs can be minimized through careful system testing and thorough documentation.Customintegrated solutions typically run on workstation or server class computers. Implementation ERPs scope unremarkably implies significant changes to staff work processes and practices. Generally, three types of services are available to help appliance such changesconsulting, customization, and support. Implementation time depends on busin ess size, number of modules, customization, the scope of process changes, and the discretion of the customer to take ownership for the project. Modular ERP systems can be use in stages. The typical project for a large enterprise consumes about 14 months and requires around 150 consultants.Small projects can require months multinational and other large implementations can take years. Customization can substantially increase implementation times. Process preparation Implementing ERP typically requires changes in live business processes. Poor understanding of require process changes prior to starting implementation is a main reason for project failure. It is therefore crucial that organizations thoroughly analyze business processes before implementation. This psychoanalysis can identify opportunities for process modernization. It also enables an assessment of the alignment of reliable processes with those provided by the ERP system.Research indicates that the hazard of business process mismatch is decreased by * linking authentic processes to the organizations strategy * analyzing the effectiveness of each process * understanding existing automated solutions. ERP implementation is considerably more difficult (and politically charged) in decentralized organizations, because they ofttimes have different processes, business rules, data semantics, authorization hierarchies and decision centers. This may require migrating almost business units before others, delaying implementation to work through the necessary changes for each unit, possibly reducing integration (e. . linking via Master data management) or customizing the system to meet specific needs. A potential disadvantage is that adopting standard processes can lead to a loss of competitive advantage. While this has happened, losses in one area are often offset by gains in other areas, increasing overall competitive advantage. Configuration Configuring an ERP system is largely a matter of balancing the way the customer wants the system to work with the way it was designed to work. ERP systems typically build many changeable parameters that modify system operation.For example, an organization can select the type of inventory accountingFIFO or last in first outto employ, whether to recognize revenue by geographical unit, product line, or distribution channel and whether to pay for shipping costs when a customer returns a purchase. Customization ERP systems are theoretically based on industry best practices and are intended to be deployed as is. ERP vendors do offer customers configuration options that allow organizations to incorporate their own business rules but there are often functionality gaps remaining even after the configuration is get laid.ERP customers have several options to reconcile functionality gaps, each with their own pros/cons. practiced solutions include rewriting part of the delivered functionality, writing a homegrown bolt-on/add-on module deep down the ERP s ystem, or interfacing to an external system. All three of these options are vary degrees of system customization, with the first cosmos the most invasive and costly to maintain. Alternatively, there are non-technical options such as changing business practices and/or organizational policies to infract match the delivered ERP functionality.Key differences between customization and configuration include * Customization is always optional, whereas the software must always be configured before use (e. g. , setting up cost/profit center structures, organizational trees, purchase approval rules, etc. ) * The software was designed to handle various configurations, and behaves predictably in any allowed configuration. * The effect of configuration changes on system behavior and performance is predictable and is the responsibility of the ERP vendor. The effect of customization is less predictable, is the customers responsibility and increases testing activities. Configuration changes surv ive upgrades to new software versions. both(prenominal) customizations (e. g. code that uses predefined hooks that are called before/after displaying data screens) survive upgrades, though they require retesting. Other customizations (e. g. those involving changes to fundamental data structures) are overwritten during upgrades and must be re-implemented. Customization Advantages * Improves user espousal * Offers the potential to obtain competitive advantage vis-a-vis companies using only standard features. Customization Disadvantages * Increases time and resources required to both implement and maintain. Inhibits seamless communication between suppliers and customers who use the same ERP system un-customized. * Over reliance on customization undermines the principles of ERP as a standardizing software platform Extensions ERP systems can be extended with thirdparty software. ERP vendors typically provide access to data and functionality through published interfaces. Extensions offe r features such as- * archiving, reporting and republishing * capturing transactional data, e. g. using scanners, tills or RFID * access to specialized data/capabilities, such as syndicated marketing data and associated trend analytics. advanced planning and scheduling (APS) Data migration Data migration is the process of moving/copying and restructuring data from an existing system to the ERP system. Migration is critical to implementation success and requires significant planning. Unfortunately, since migration is one of the final activities before the production phase, it often receives skimpy attention. The following steps can structure migration planning * Identify the data to be migrated * Determine migration timing * Generate the data templates * Freeze the toolset Decide on migration- tie in setups * Define data archiving policies and procedures. Comparison to specialpurpose applications Advantages The fundamental advantage of ERP is that integrating the myriad processes by which businesses operate saves time and expense. Decisions can be do more quickly and with fewer errors. Data becomes visible across the organization. Tasks that benefit from this integration include * Sales forecasting, which allows inventory optimization * Chronological history of every(prenominal) transaction through relevant data compilation in every area of operation. Order tracking, from acceptance through fulfillment * Revenue tracking, from invoice through cash receipt * Matching purchase orders (what was ordered), inventory receipts (what arrived), and costing (what the vendor invoiced) ERP systems centralize business data, bringing the following benefits * They eliminate the need to contemporise changes between multiple systemsconsolidation of finance, marketing and sales, human resource, and manufacturing applications * They bring legitimacy and transparency in each bit of statistical data. They enable standard product naming/coding. * They provide a comprehensive ent erprise view (no islands of information). They make realtime information available to management anywhere, any time to make proper decisions. * They protect sensitive data by consolidating multiple security systems into a single structure. Disadvantages * Customization is problematic. * Reengineering business processes to fit the ERP system may damage competitiveness and/or divert focus from other critical activities * ERP can cost more than less integrated and or less comprehensive solutions. High switching costs associated with ERP can increase the ERP vendors negotiating power which can result in higher support, maintenance, and upgrade expenses. * Overcoming resistance to sharing sensitive information between departments can divert management attention. * Integration of truly independent businesses can create unnecessary dependencies. * Extensive training requirements take resources from daily operations. Due to ERPs architecture (OLTP, On-Line Transaction Processing) ERP system s are not well suited for production planning and supply chain management (SCM) The limitations of ERP have been accepted sparking new trends in ERP application maturation, the four significant developments being made in ERP are, creating a more flexible ERP, Web-Enable ERP, Enterprise ERP and e-Business Suites, each of which will potentially address the failings of the current ERP. QUESTION 3 (18 Marks) Describe with example all stages of System Development Lifecycle.Answers Introduction The Systems development life cycle (SDLC), or parcel development process in systems engineering, information systems and software engineering, is a process of creating or altering information systems, and the models and methodologies that people use to develop these systems. In software engineering the SDLC concept underpins many kinds of software development methodologies. These methodologies form the framework for planning and controlling the creation of an information system the software deve lopment process.Software development contains set of activities which when performed in coordination and in accordance with one another result in the desired result. Software development methodologies are used for the computer based information systems. The growth of the informations has to pass through various phases or stages these stages are known as System Development Life cps (SDLC). The SDLC follows a well defined process by which the system is conceived, developed and implemented. To understand system development, we need to recognize that a campaigner system has a life cycle, much like a living system or a new product.Systems analysis and design are based to the system life cycle. The stages are described below. The analyst must progress from one stage to another methodically, answering key questions and achieving results in each stage. Figure 1 System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Stages Step 1 Recognition of Need What is the Problem? One must know what the problem is be fore it can be exploitd. The basis for a candidate system is recognition of a need for improving an information system or a procedure. For example, a supervisor may want to investigate the system flow in purchasing.Or a bank president has been getting complaints about the long lines in the drive in. This need leads to a preliminary survey or an initial investigation to determine whether an alternative system can solve the problem. It entails looking into the duplication of effort bottlenecks, inefficient existing procedures, or whether parts of the existing system would be candidates for computerization. If the problem is serious enough, management may want to have an analyst look at it, such an assignment implies a commitment, especially if the analyst hired from the utside. In larger environments, where formal procedures are the norm, the analysts first task is to prepare a statement specifying the scope and objective of the problem. He/she then reviews it with the user for accu racy at this stage, only a rough ball parle estimate of the development cost of the project may be reached. However, an accurate cost of the next phase the feasibility study can be produced. Step 2 Feasibility demand Depending on the results of the initial investigation, the survey is expanded to a more diminutive feasibility study.As we shall learn, a feasibility study is a test of a system proposition according to its workability usurpation on the organization, ability to meet user needs, and effective use of resources. It focuses on their major questions * What are the users positive needs and how does a candidate system meet them? * What resources are available for given candidate systems? Is the problem worth solving? * What are the likely impact of the candidate system on the organization? How will it fit within the organizations master MIS plan?Each of these questions must be answered carefully. They circulate around investigation and evaluation of the problem, ident ification and description of candidate systems, specification of performance and the cost of each system, and final selection of the best system. The objective of a feasibility study is not to solve the problem but to acquire a mavin of its scope. During the study, the problem definition is crystallized and aspects of the problem to be include in the system are determined. Consequently, costs and benefits are estimated with greater accuracy at this stage.The result of the feasibility study is a formal proposal. This is simply a report a formal document detailing the nature and scope of the proposed solution. The proposal summarizes what is known and what is going to be done. It consists of the following. 1. Statement of the Problem a carefully worded statement of the problem that led to analysis. 2. Summary of Findings and Recommendations a list of the major findings and recommendations of the study. It is ideal for the user who required quick access to the results of the analys is of the system under study.Conclusions are stated, followed by a list of the recommendations and a justification for them. 3. Details of Findings An outline of the methods and procedures undertaken by the existing system, followed by coverage of objectives procedures of the candidate system. Included are also discussions of output reports, file structures, and costs and benefits of the candidate system. 4. Recommendations and Conclusions special recommendations regarding the candidate system, including the personal assignments costs, project schedules, and target dates.Three key considerations are involved in the feasibility analysis economic, technical, behavioral. Lets briefly review each consideration and how it relates to the systems effort. * Economic Feasibility Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a candidate system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis, the procedure is to determine the benefits and savings tha t are expected from a candidate system and compare them with costs. If benefits outweigh costs, then the decision is made to design and implement the system.Otherwise, further justification or alterations in the proposed system will have to be made if it is to have a chance of being approved. This is an ongoing effort that improves in accuracy at each phase of the system life cycle. * Technical Feasibility Technical feasibility centers around the existing computer system (hardware, software etc. ) and to what extent it can support the proposed addition. For example, if the current computer is operating at 80 per cent capacity an arbitrary ceiling then track another application could overload the system or require additional hardware.This involves financial considerations to accommodate technical enhancements. If the budget is a serious constraint, then the project is judged not feasible. * Behavioral Feasibility People are inherently resistant to change, and computers have been k nown to facilitate change. An estimate should be made of how strong a reaction the user staff is likely to have towards the development of a computerized system. It is common knowledge that computer installations have something to do with turnover, transfers, retraining, and changes in employee job status.Therefore, it is understandable that the introduction of a candidate system requires special effort to educate, sell, and train the staff on new ways of conducting business. After the proposal is viewed by management it becomes a formal agreement that paves the way for actual design and implementation. This is a crucial decision point in the life cycle. Many projects die here, whereas the more promising ones continue through implementation. Changes in the proposal are made in writing, depending on the complexity, size, and cost of the project. It is simply common sense to verify changes before committing the project to design.Step 3 Analysis It is a detailed study of the various op erations performed by the system and their relationship within and outside of the system. A key question is what must be done to solve the problem? One aspect of analysis is defining the boundaries of the system and determining whether or not a candidate system should consider other related systems. During analysis, data are collected on available files, decision points, and transactions handled by the present system. We shall learn about some logical system models and tools that are used in analysis.It requires special skills and sensitivity to the subjects being interviewed. Bias in data collection and interpretation can be problem. Training, experience and common sense are required for collection of the information needed to do the analysis. Once analysis is completed the analyst has a firm understanding of what is to be done. The next step is to decide how the problem might be solved. Thus, in the systems design, we move from the logical to the physical aspects of the life cycl e. Step 4 Design The most original and challenging phase of the system life cycle is system design.The term design describes both a final system and a process by which it is developed. It refers to the technical specifications (analogous to the engineers blueprints) that will be applied in implementing the candidate system. It also includes the constructions of programs and programme testing. The key question here is How should the problem be solved?. The first step is to determine how the output is to be produced and in what format. Samples of the output (and input) are also available. Second, input data and master files (data base) have to be designed to meet the requirements of the proposed output.The operational (processing) phase are handled through programme construction and testing, including a list of the programmes needed to meet the systems objectives and complete documentation. Finally, details related to justification of the system and an estimate of the impact of the candidate system on the user and the organization are documented and evaluated by management as a step toward implementation. The final report prior to the implementation phase includes procedural flowcharts, record layouts, report layouts, and a workable plan for implementing the candidate system.Information on personnel, money, hardware, facilities and their estimated cost must also be available. At this point, projected costs must be close to actual costs of implementation. In some firms, separate groups of programmer do the scheduling whereas other firms employ analyst programmers who do analysis and design as well as code programs. For this discussion, we deport that analysis and programming is carried out by two separate persons. There are certain functions, though, that the analyst must perform while programs are being written operating procedures and documentation must be completed.Security and auditing procedures must also be developed. Step 5 Testing No system design is e ver perfect. Communication problems, programmers negligence or time constraints create errors that most be eliminated before the system is ready for user acceptance testing. A system is well-tried for online response, volume of transactions, stress, recovery form failure and usability. Then comes system testing, which verifies that the whole set of programs hangs together, following system testing is acceptance testing or running the system with live data by the actual use.System testing requires a test plan that consists of several key activities and steps for programs, string, system and user acceptance testing. The system performance criteria deal with turnaround time, backup, file protection, and the human factor. Step 6 Implementation This phase is less creative than system design. It is primarily relate with user training, site preparation, and file conversion. When the candidate system is linked to terminals and remote sites the telecommunication network and tests of the ne twork along with the system are also include under implementation.During the final testing, user acceptance is tested, followed by user training. Depending on the nature of the system, extensive user training may be required, conversion usually takes place at about the same time the user is being trained or later. In the extreme, the programmer is falsely viewed as someone who ought to be isolated from other aspects of system development. Programming is itself design work, however. The initial parameter of the candidate system should be modified as a result of programming efforts. Programming provides a reality test for the assumptions made by the analyst.It is therefore a mistake to exclude programmers from the initial system design. System testing checks the readiness and accuracy of the system to access, update and retrieve data from new files. Once the programmes become available, test data are read into the computer and processed against the file(s) provided for testing. If suc cessful, the program(s) is then run with live data. Otherwise, a diagnostic procedure is used to local and correct errors in the program. In most programs, a parallel run is conducted where the new system runs simultaneously with the old systems.This method, though costly, provides added assurance against errors in the candidate system and also gives the user-staff an opportunity to gain experience through operation. In some cases, however, parallel processing is not practical. For example, it is not plausible to run two parallel online point-to-sale (POS) systems for a retail chain. In any case, after the candidate system proves itself, the old system is phased out. Step 7 Evaluation During systems testing, the system is used experimentally to ensure that the software does not fail.In other words, we can say that it will run according to its specifications and in the way users expect. Special test data are input for processing, and the results examined. A limited number of users ma y be allowed to use the system so that analyst can see whether to use it in unforeseen ways. It is desirable to discover any surprises before the organization implements the system and depends on it. Implementation is the process of having systems personnel check out and put new equipment into use, train users, install the new application and construct any files of data needed to use it.This phase is less creative than system design. Depending on the size of the government that will be involved in using the application and the risk involved in its use, systems developers may choose to test the operation in only one area of the Firm with only one or two persons. Sometimes, they will run both old and new system in parallel way to compare the results. In still other situations, system developers stop consonant using the old system one day and start using the new one the next.Evaluation of the system is performed to identify its strengths and weaknesses. The actual evaluation can tak e place along any one of the following dimensions * Operational Evaluation Assessment of the manner in which the system functions, impact. * Organizational Impact Identification and measurement of benefits to the organisation in such areas as financial concerns, operational efficiency and competitive impact. * User Manager Assessment Evaluation of the attitudes of senior and user manager within the organization, as well as end-users. Development Performance Evaluation of the development process in accordance with such yardsticks as overall development time and effort, conformance to budgets and standards and other project management criteria. Step 8 Post Implementation and Maintenance Maintenance is necessary to eliminate errors in the working system during its working life and to tune the system to any variations in its working environment. Often small system deficiencies are found as a system is brought into operation and changes are made to remove them. System planners must alwa ys plan for resource availability to carry out these maintenance functions.The importance of maintenance is to continue to bring the new system to standards. After the installation phase is completed and the user staff is adjusted to changes created by the candidate system, evaluation and maintenance being. Like any system there is an ageing process the requires periodic maintenance of hardware software. If the new information is inconsistent with the design specifications, then changes have to be made. Hardware also requires periodic maintenance to keep in time with design specification. The importance of maintenance is to continue to bring the new system to standards. BIBLIOGRAFIGordon b. Davis Margrethe H. Olson. (1985). Management Information Systems Conceptual Foundations, Structure and Development. New York McGraw-Hill. Lucey. T. (1987). Management Information Systems. 5th Ed. Eastleigh, Hants D. P Pubns. OBrien, James A. (2002). Management Information Systems Managing I nformation Technology in the E-Business Enterprise. Boston McGraw-Hill. Robert C. Nickerson, Saravanan Muthaiyah. (2004). Introduction to Information Systems. Petaling Jaya Prentice Hall. McLeod Raymond, P. Shell George. (2004). Management Information Systems. N. J. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Henrik Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler Essay

Henrik Ibsens Hedda Gabler is a story of great tragedy, with a web of controversies and a tangle of secrets. In such a beautiful irony, it portrayed that the small town wherein the heroine resides with her husband, is inflicted with gruesome gossip and twisted tales of conflicted interests.Hedda Gabler, a born aristocrat who marries to a class beneath her, has to do with a lifestyle far inferior than what she is used to. The writer used a conversational tone to portray Heddas manipulative nature as she controls those that surrounds her. The story revolves around this young wife, as she plays with peoples feelings and affairs, and meddle with things so oft so that they work out to her advantage.In this tragedy, it pays to ask the misgiving what provoked Hedda to marry Tesman?II Marriage of Different LifestylesI am interested with Ibsens idea of Hedda Gabler organism an aristocrat who had to line used to a different lifestyle. There were many analysis offered for the play Hedda Ga bler, yet only a handful of them displayed this rattling obvious fact. The fact that Hedda is manipulative and is using her husband, Jrgen Tesman, is evident from the first scene of the play, when Tesman commented how fat Hedda is getting, when in fact his wife is pregnant and he has no idea.Even Tesmans aunt, Aunt Julle, picked up upon this very(prenominal) noticeable change in Hedda, yet Hedda dismissed her with curt replies. SparkNotes (2009) even commented the tyranny of Hedda over Tesmans domicilhold, wherein Berte, the maid, is scared of not being able to ravish her, and Aunt Julle is tormented by her.Tesman lived to do his wifes every bidding. In fact, Tesman did everything he can to make sure that they afford the lavish house they are living in, just because Hedda happened to mention that she would wishing to live in that particular house. When further analysis from SparkNotes (2009) revealed that Hedda only said she wanted that house because she cannot have in mind of anything else to say. To Hedda the house is a joke, a sign of Tesmans unwavering devotion and faithfulness, to Tesman, the house is a fulfillment of his wifes wish.Along the play, Tesman followed his wifes every bidding. There was in instance wherein Hedda was rude to Aunt Julle and Tesman reprimanded her afterwards. Still, basically Tesmans role in the play was to follow Heddas wishes. When Hedda burned the bracing of Ejlert Lvborg, Tesman was delighted. He actually thought that Hedda did it because she wanted to help him advance in his academic profession, when in fact Hedda burned the novel because she didnt want to be reminded of the romance between Ejlert and her.This is interesting to notice, seeing as in other cultures, it is actually discouraged that people from different social standings to marry. With Hedda and Tesman, it is plain that she had to gear up to a different lifestyle, and because of this, she was bored, and living with Tesman does not excite her, as she conf ides to Judge Brack.This brings me back to my original thesis what provoked Hedda to marry Tasman, seeing that he is a man of lower class, and he cannot afford her lavish lifestyle? We could only grope Ibsens wisdom. Perhaps it is because through Tasman, Hedda can forget about her chivalric relationship with Ejlert, or perhaps, through Tasman, Hedda can still indulge herself a playmate whom she can take advantage of. We can never be certain, until Ibsen partakes the existent reason for the twos matrimony.III Secrets RevealedThroughout the play, there were numerous secrets disclosed. SparkNotes (2009) mentions the secrets, such as Hedda taking advantage of all the men in the play, Heddas affair with Ejlert, which scarred the latter for life, the relationship between Mrs. Elvsted and Ejlert, among many others. The author cleverly reveals each secret little by little, dragging the auditory modality to the sharpness of their feet before giving the final picture. Throughout the play , the audience is captivated by how many more secrets will be revealed, and how will Hedda manipulate people to split her what she wants to hear.I love the irony discussed with the last scene, wherein Aunt Julle returned to the household that is now filled with mourning, what with Aunt Rinas passing and the horrible incident with Ejlert. Aunt Julle was very welcoming and still hints at Hedda for children, and was oblivious to the fact that so many changes happened within the home, and to pretend that nothing happened is otherwise insane. Yet the author was able to get a vogue with such a tricky symbolism, as the audience is sure to applaud the wit and charisma Aunt Julle brings into the last scene.Also worth mentioning is the way Tasman was horrorstruck when he found out that his wife had burned Ejlerts novel. However when he thought she was doing it out of love so that he will be able to secure the teaching post he so more wanted, he would have gladly embraced Hedda. How could so meone be blinded so much by a manipulative woman? Ive known that some people say that love is blind, but in Tesmans case, the clich is very much overrated, seeing as she was fooling him in his own home. How can a man not see that his wife is pregnant, and yet would opt to commend on her new curves and new body? Does he not see the baby that is growing in Heddas belly?With this, perhaps the pregnancy is the reason why Hedda is manipulative and very sarcastic. Women who are pregnant are prone to mood swings and irrational thinking, yet what would contribute to Heddas dark nature? Is she really being sarcastic and arrogant because of her proud upbringing, or is she acting this way because she is pregnant and she has no feelings for the child in her womb and with the babys father? general the play is very satisfactory. Even in the ending wherein Hedda committed suicide, the audience could rest their breaths, knowing that Tasman is in the arms of a capable woman, Mrs. Elvsted. SparkNotes (2009) describes Mrs. Elvsted as a competent woman who bounces off from men to men, according to her needs.She met Mr. Elvsted by working for him, and afterwards they were married. With Ejlert, the Elvsteds hired him to be a tutor for their children, and Mrs. Elvsted turned out to be Ejlerts assistant in his research and writing. After Hedda burned the novel, Mrs. Elvsted mentioned that she knew some parts of Ejlerts disseminated sclerosis because she helped him research for it. She and Tasman immediately tried to reconstruct the manuscript that Ejlert wrote. Now that Hedda is out of the picture, and the original author of the manuscript is also gone, then Mrs. Elvsted is free to make her move in regards to Tasman, and the two of them can prove to the audience that in their dreary old town, it is still possible for love to exist.

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The product, called Smarter, dramatically reduced weed growth in potted lands and simultaneously provided important nutrients all with no chemicals. Smarter raw materials and manufacturing expertise were available in China and India. As the company grew, the managers and board members talked frequently about organization bodily mental synthesis. Two schools of thought emerged. One congregation cherished to import raw materials into the U. S. For manufacturing by WAR and thereby go direct control over manufacturing, marketing, and sales. These functions would be departments within WAR.The second group wanted to import already manufactured ND packaged products from overseas, outsource marketing to an agency, and hire a horticulture distribution company to handle sales. The second group pushed the apprehension that no one within the company would ever touch the product. Nor would there be functional departments for manufacturing, marketing, and sales. That discussion of bodily structure within WAR would not have occurred 30 years ago when Robert Duncan published his seminal article, What is the Right Organization Structure? in Organization Dynamics in 1979.At that time, organizations were thought to be solidification, and structure defined the porting relationships among internal functional departments. Dunces article provided important insights about the conditions under which distinguishable internal arrangements would achieve a companys mission. His insights atomic number 18 still referenced in management textbooks today. The purpose of this article is to present key developments in organization structure and design that have occurred since Dunces article and describe when each can be used for greatest effect.We will briefly review the important structural designs from 30 years ago and then describe key developments since that time. The concepts are organize into three eras, which reflect substantive changes in management thinking from vertical org anization to horizontal organizing to open boundaries via outsourcing and partnering.The first era of organizational design credibly took hold in the mid-asses, and was dominant until the late asses. In Era 1, the ideal organization was self-contained.It had clear boundaries between it and suppliers, customers or competitors. Inputs arrived at the organizations gate, and after a break process, left as a completed product or service. Almost everything that was required during the transformation process was supplied internally. Design philosophies from this era emphasized the take on to aline to different environmental and internal contingencies and the ability to control the different parts of the organization 329 through reporting relationships in a vertical chain of command.The structure of self-contained organizations can be thought of as (1) the grouping of people into functions or departments (2) the reporting relationships among people and departments and (3) the systems to ensure coordination and integration of activities tooth horizontally and vertically. The structures of this era, including functional, division, and matrix designs, swear largely on the vertical hierarchy and chain of command to define departmental groupings and reporting relationships.Functional In a functional structure, activities are grouped together by common function from the bottom to the top of the organization. Each functional activity accounting, engineering, human resources, manufacturing, etc. is grouped into a specific department. Most subaltern companies use this structure, as do many large government organizations ND divisions of large companies. Divisional The divisional structure occurs when departments are grouped together establish on organizational outputs. The divisional structure is sometimes called a product structure or profit center.Most large companies have separate divisions that use different technologies or serve different customers. People within e ach division have more product focus, accountability, and flexibility than would be the case if they were part of a huge functional structure. For example, United Technologies Corporation (UTC), which is among the 50 largest U. S. Industrial rims, has product divisions for air-conditioning and heating (Carrier), elevators and escalators (Otis), aircraft engines (Pratt & Whitney), helicopters (Scissors), and aerospace (Hamilton Suntanned), among others.Each division acts like a stand-alone company, doing its own product development, marketing, and finance. 330 even Overlays and Matrix Few organizations can be successful today with a pure functional structure, because the resulting functional or divisional silos inhibit the amount of coordination unavoidable in a changing competitive environment. Organizations break down silos by using a variety of horizontal linkage mechanisms to improve communication among departments and divisions. These coordination relationships are often drawn on organization charts as dotted lines.Many organizations use full-time product managers, project managers, or brand managers, to coordinate the work of some(prenominal) departments. The brand manager for Planters Peanuts, for example, serves as an integrator by coordinating the sales, advertising, and distribution for that product. General Motors Corp.. Has brand managers who are integrators responsible for marketing and ales strategies for each of Gems new models. Organizations that need even stronger horizontal coordination may evolve to a matrix structure. The matrix combines a vertical structure with an equally strong horizontal overlay.While the vertical structure provides traditional control within functional departments, the horizontal overlay provides coordination across departments to achieve profit goals. This structure has lines of formal authority along two dimensions, such as functional and product or product and region. Some employees report to two bosses simultane ously. For example, after a regional racketing promotion went $10 million over budget, Nikkei Inc. Managers engineered a matrix structure that assigned dual responsibility by product and region to manage the introduction of new products each year.

Impact Of Renewable Energy Usage Environmental Sciences Essay

The intent of this literature reappraisal is to supply the reader with a general oerview of the opposition made by the use of renewable get-up-and-go in universe on the development of engineering and on the environment. Recently there is an urge remove of utilizing renewable capacity in the industries and other of import sectors around the universe since the current chief fuel resource which is crude oil and natural screw up is consuming twelvemonth by twelvemonth. Thus in recent erstwhile(a) ages, many research and trials have been done to use the renewable energies true manageable to its upper limit. The first portion of this chapter result give brief penetration of the advantages that is brought by utilizing renewable force on our planet. Next pass on be the comparism betwixt renewable life force and non renewable push button. Finally the alterations of utilizing renewable dynamism brings to the universe at an planetary degree.2.2 The advantages of renewable nullWell , for a start renewable energy will neer be depleted, hence every bit long as there is a demand for electricity and heat there will be adequate energy to provide it.There be several renewable energy which would non consume and go on to be around for many years.Solar energy is one of the most common continuously renewable energy since its reprieved from the cheerfulness s ray.Furthermore streamlined H2O which run through the turbine in the hydroelectric dyke produce hydro energy.The windmills blades which is turned by the sheer federal agency of the air current produces air current energy.Hot liquefied lava beneath the Earth s crust heats the stones to a higher place thusly bring forthing hot spots which produces geothermic energy.The pile of refuse, rubbish and other organic stuffs produces biomass energy ( Matthew Hick n.d ) .As you can see, there are assorted renewable energy beginnings available to us as an option to fossil fuels. There are many advantages to them among the most popular being that they will non consume in supply, intending they will be around everlastingly. Renewable energy beginnings are non new. They have been utilized in some manner for many old ages. Unfortunately, low dodo fuel pecuniary values have stunted renewable energy s popularity and growing in the United States. But an change magnitude consciousness of homo and environmental concerns, every bit good as, a demand to happen non-exhaustible energy beginnings, will maintain it as a tower for the hereafter. ( Matthew Hick n.d )Renewable energy will assist in salvaging the environment merely in the simple sense that by utilizing renewable energy, the production of commonality house gas will b reduced therefore assisting in the bar planetary warming.Furthermore the O produced by the trees are much more fitter because of the fact that there are less pollutants in the air which can cut down the quality of the air ( Michel Jeen.2008 ) .Furthermore, the use of environmental free e nergy as a renewable energy hike its opportunities of going more safer than conventional fossil fuels.The use of fossil fuels causes the release of toxic gases and harmful substances, therefore heightening the opportunities of pollution or other natural bad lucks to go on much(prenominal) as acid rains and planetary warming.Renewable energy is environmentally cozy therefore it reduces the opportunities of pollution from go oning and the air produced in the surrounding besides is much more cleansing agent and reduces the hazard in acquiring diseases much(prenominal) as asthma n etc ( Michel Jeen.2008 ) .Since renewable energy is an extremely beforehand field to research about, therefore it needs extremely specialised equipment and a jam of research to be done, therefore it will make a clutches of occupation chance and occupation sectors ( Michel Jeen.2008 ) .Harmonizing to the analysis, renewable energy and energy efficiency deployment be would be gross impersonal or better, a s the costs associated with energy efficiency stop up salvaging the state more money than the costs associated with deploying renewable energy engineerings and 4.5 million occupations will be created all the piece. ( Jennifer Runyon.2009 )2.3 The comparing between renewable energy and non renewable energyRenewable energy is a energy that can be replaced from clip to clip because it does non hold finite addendum energy, therefore it can be used for many old ages but still it would non complete. Examples of renewable energy is solar energy, weave energy, wave energy, biomass energy and geothermic energy.Meanwhile, non renewable energy is an energy that has finite addendum of energy therefore it would be used up as clip advancements by. Example of such energy are crude oil and natural gas ( Renewable energy.2003 ) .Renewable energy and non-renewable energy have important differences. Renewable energy would non consume whereas non-renewable energy someday will consume from our planet s ince the resources that is needed for the energy will in some way deplete from our planet. Non-renewable energy such as rough oil, coal, natural gas and etc are completing fast because the demands are higher than the supply of the natural stuff. ( distinction Between Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy Sources.2009 )There is a universe power crisis whether we choose to acknowledge it or non. We are utilizing our non- renewable energy beginnings at a rapid rate, a rate that increases daily. Our non-renewable energy beginnings include, fossil fuels ( rough oil ) , coal, natural gas, atomic power, and yes even H2O, H2O is used to drive turbines to make electricity. at once we have exhausted these non-renewable energy beginnings we will no longer be able to drive the turbines that produce our electricity. ( Difference Between Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy Sources.2009 )Furthermore, non-renewable energy which uses volatile natural stuff such as atomic energy can do lay waste toing effects to the environment if there is a escape in the atomic works. Example of such annihilating accident is the Chernobyl atomic works accident ( Nuclear Energy Benefits Debate Safe or Not.2009 ) .Meanwhile renewable energy has a positive consequence towards the environment. Renewable energy can cut down the emanation of pollutants such as C dioxide and C monoxide which may harm the environment ( Union of Concerned Scientists ) .Non-renewable energy besides causes distability in the economic dodge, since it s a non sustainable energy therefore the monetary value of the fuel ever beads and hikings harmonizing to the handiness of the fuel in the universe interim renewable energy brings more stableness to the economic system since it s a sustainable energy beginning therefore it provides an stable energy beginning to the universe so it would non impact economically.The usage of fossil fuels makes the U.S. open to political instabilities, trade differences, trade stoppages and a as sortment of other impacts. ( pier55.2009 )2.4 The alterations of utilizing renewable energy brings to the universe at an planetary degreeRenewable energy such as solar energy can convey a batch alterations to the universe in footings of a new fuel beginning. Since solar power is obtained from the Sun so it will be available throughout the twelvemonth therefore continuously being renewed. Furthermore solar energy is a clean power therefore it s a really good option for current fuel beginning. Alot of new undertakings are being introduced to tackle the power of solar energy, such grandscale undertaking is being carried out in Hong Kong.Hongkong Electric Holdings Ltd. , the public-service corporation controlled by billionaire Li Ka-shing, officially started up the metropolis s biggest solar-power undertaking today as portion of attempts to assist cut pollution ( John Duce.2010 ) .Another illustration of renewable energy which revolutionizes the universe is wind energy. Wind energy is p roduced from the turbines which are machine-accessible to the blades which are turned by the force of wind.Since air current is a free beginning of energy therefore it can salvage a batch of cost and it produces clean energy excessively. The United States are earnestly sing weave energy as a alternate beginning of energy, which can been seen from the cookery of a air current farm in Mojave Desert North of Los Angeles.It s being called the largest air current power undertaking in the state, with programs for 1000s of estates of looming turbines in the Mojave Desert foothills bring forthing electricity for 600,000 places in Southern California. ( Tiffany Hsu.2010 )Furthermore, geothermic energy is another beginning of renewable energy that can convey a only alteration to the universe, it s an energy that is generated from the Earth s nucleus which is heated by the molten stone ( magma ) .Geothermal is a free energy since the beginning of the energy itself from our Earth. It s alrea dy being utilized in states such as Iceland and in Philippines. Philippiness authorities are seeking to utilize the full potency of geothermic energy in its state. ( Intermediate Energy Infobook.pg12 )ENERGY DEVELOPMENT Corp. , the state s biggest manufacturer of geothermic energy, plans to put some $ 1 billion over the following five old ages in greenfield power workss. ( Amy R. Remo.2010 )